Everything about Marcus Aurelius Probus totally explained
» For other uses, see Probus (disambiguation).
Marcus Aurelius Probus (c.
August 19, 232–September/October,
282) was a
Roman Emperor (
276–282).
A native of
Sirmium (now
Sremska Mitrovica,
Serbia), in
Pannonia, at an early age he entered the army, where he distinguished himself under the Emperors
Valerian,
Aurelian and
Tacitus. He was appointed governor of the East by Tacitus, at whose death he was immediately proclaimed his successor by the soldiers (276).
Florianus, who had claimed to succeed his half-brother Tacitus, was put to death by his own troops after an indecisive campaign. Probus moved to the West, defeated the Goths acquiring the title of
Gothicus (
280), and saw his position ratified by the
Senate.
The reign of Probus was mainly spent in successful wars by which he re-established the security of all the frontiers. The most important of these operations were directed to clearing
Gaul of German invaders (
Franks,
Longiones,
Alamanni and
Burgundians), allowing Probus to adopt the titles of
Gothicus Maximus and
Germanicus Maximus. One of his principles was never to allow the soldiers to be idle, and to employ them in time of peace on useful works, such as the planting of vineyards in Gaul, Pannonia and other districts, in order to restart the economy in these devastated lands.
In
279-
280, Probus was, according to
Zosimus, in
Raetia,
Illyricum and
Lycia, where he fought the
Vandals. In the same years, Probus' generals defeated the
Blemmyes in
Aegyptus Province; Probus ordered the reconstruction of bridges and canals along the Nile, where the production of grain for the Empire was centered.
In 280-
281, Probus had also put down three usurpers,
Julius Saturninus,
Proculus and
Bonosus. The extent of these revolts isn't clear, but there are clues that they were not just local problems. In 281, the emperor was in Rome, where he celebrated his
triumph.
Probus was eager to start his eastern campaign, delayed by the revolts in the west. He left Rome in 282, moving first towards Sirmium, his birth city, when the news that
Marcus Aurelius Carus, commander of the
Praetorian Guard, had been proclaimed emperor reached him. Probus sent some troops against the new usurper, but when those troops changed sides and supported Carus, Probus's soldiers then assassinated him (September/October 282).
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